Abi's Work Experience

My name is Abi and I am an As level student. I spent three days with Sadie, in the Physics and Astronomy department at Southampton University. I experienced both outreach and the general physics department.

On my first day I was given a tour of the physics building, all five floors! I also went onto the roof to see the observatory but unfortunately it was very wet so they couldn't be opened. I met some PhD students and some of the resident astronomers, to find out what they research. Sadie gave me a presentation of her PhD work, and I learnt a lot about supermassive black holes and what the department is researching as a whole. It was very interesting and enjoyable. I also did a worksheet based on the Hubble constant, which was a first year undergraduate experiment, measuring recessional velocity and distance of galaxies to calculate redshift and size of the galaxies. I also attended a seminar by a visiting astronomer, Karina Caputi, who is an assistant professor from the Kapteyn Astronomical Institute at the University of Groningen. The seminar was called "Massive Galaxies in the first 2 billion years," it was very interesting, but a little tough as it was aimed at the PhD students.

On my second day, I was given a tour of the university campus, including the library, the union and the sports facilities, by Ridwan. It was very interesting, if a little soggy, as I would really like to study at Southampton University. I was also given a tour of the physics undergraduate laboratories, by Mark, a demonstrator. He showed me the 1st, 2nd and 3rd year experiments and the labs that they use, including diffraction, radioactive materials, circuits and superconductors. I was shown the lasers, class 3 and 4 (the most dangerous type of laser). I was also taken to the mechanical workshops, where they design and build equipment for institutes all over the country. I was shown the milling machines and the computer 3D modelling software.

Anechoic room.

On my last day I worked with Dr. John Nesbitt to try and explain his research, but in a way a 14 year old would understand. It was called time resolved incoherant anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy, so it was quite difficult. For example, we changed phonons to vibrations. I spent the afternoon with Dr. Steve Dorney, he gave me a tour of the vibrations and acoustics department, it was amazing! He showed me the Anechoic room, which is a room completely free of echos.

Echo room.

I then went in the Echo room, which is the complete opposite of the Anechoic room. All of the walls are asymmetrical, and are designed to mimic a cave.

I was shown some of the experiments that are used in the roadshow that Dr. Steve travels around the country with, including a dragon bowl and a thunder drum.
I was also given a vibration rod, a metal rod thats rings different notes when you rub it.
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQgP9zG681g 

Vibrating rod.

Dragon bowl.

I have learnt a lot from my time at the university, I have developed my communication skills after talking to PhD students and lots of new people. All of my co-workers were friendly and very welcoming, and it was an amazing opportunity to experience life at the university. It has definately exceeded my expectations, I have had an amazing time and met some amazing people.
I would like to thank everyone that I have met and everyone that worked with me, and I would recommend the work experience to anyone that is interested in physics and astronomy.

World Wide Telescope workshops for GCSE students

World Wide Telescope Script

Edited by Sadie on 30^th March, for Uni Genius event. Introducing A-level students to WWT. Total session length 30 mins including – 10 min Intro of programme and 20 min .wwt tutorial.

Main jist of talk

1.    Introduce WWT, yourself and helpers

2.   Give quick tutorial of WWT, make sure all users are in programme.

…..Look in more detail and stuff discussed in the dome show.

3.   Orion & Orions Nebula & Star birth

4.    Star Death, Crab Nebula & Neutron stars and Pulsars

5.   M101 a recent supernovae

6.    X-ray Binary black holes & Cygnus X-1 (Look in X-ray)

7.    Sagittarius A* our supermassive black hole, diff Wavelength (Look in Infrared) Galactic Centre

8.   NGC 4051 looking in optical and X-ray bands explain my PhD research

9.     M87, elliptical galaxies, mergers, part black holes play in galaxy formation?

10.                 Hubble Deep field get an idea for how massive the universe is…

11. The End, Any questions

Script

1.    World Wide Telescope this is a Microsoft program which you can download for you own computers for free, you do need a good internet connection, because all the images are downloaded as you zoom into them. Explain top and bottom menu bars and the search bar.

2.   (Get them to do this within software as you explain it!). Now by Clicking on your favourite image in bottom ‘Look at’ menu, I’ve chosen the Pleiades which is a group of stars in Taurus. By right clicking on the images you can see the ‘Finder Scope’ this shows you the RA and DEC of the object which is basically the co-ordinate system astronomers use to assign positions to objects like stars and galaxies. You will notice the Alt and Az , which is another co-ordinate system is moving. This is because the stars move across our sky. The Magnitude is the measure of brightness and the distance to the stars is given in Ly, where a light year is equivalent to about 6 trillion miles, that’s a 6 with 12 zeros! If you want to know more about a specific object select ‘Research’ and there are loads of other options which allow you to explore information about the object. Including the Simbad database which is used by astronomers like myself. Choose ‘lookup on Simbad’, as you can see these is a lot of information here and lots of ways you can look at it. So the best way to get used to this program is to download it and experiment with it yourself.

3.   To start we will look at Orion, which I may? have shown you in the planetarium show you were shown orions belt, 3 stars in a row, WWT allows us to zoom into the star forming region just below the belt. Stars just like humans live and die, our sun has about 5 billion years left in it, and these stars in the nebula have just been born. The length a star lives for depends on how large it is. The biggest stars have the shortest lives, and stars survive by fusing elements, which releases energy.. Stars can fuse everything up to Iron and then all the other elements, things like silver and gold are made in the death of the star, in the supernovae explosion.

4.    Now you also saw the Crab nebula in the planetarium and you will remember I said it was a composite image made from X-ray to look at the neutron star and optical to see the explosion of the different elements. Now I want you to search for the crab and use the bottom toolbar to look at all the different ways you can see it with the different parts of the EM spectrum.

5.   M101 – The recent (August 2011) supernovae in the ‘pin wheel’ galaxy. They come in various types, and the one we’re interested in is probably due to a white dwarf (the core of a dead star) which is literally sucking matter from a companion star. If the white dwarf  accumulates enough matter, it starts to fuse hydrogen atoms into helium, causing the whole star to explode. Such an explosion releases so much energy that it can outshine its parent galaxy! Type IA supernovae are a bit special, as we think they all explode in a similar way, which allows to use them to determine distances of far away galaxies. It is actually thanks to these stars that scientists discovered the expansion of the Universe was accelerating.

M101 is a spiral galaxy, located about 25 million light-years away. It is also huge, as it contains about a trillion stars, 10 times more than our Milky Way Galaxy! Because it’s very close, the study of this supernova should be rather easy, and it was spotted pretty early. Most supernovae occur very far away, and they are detected only after a few days, when they reach their maximum brightness. The earlier they are observed, the better: scientists gather more data, and it is essential to better understand these phenomena.

6.    Now if the star which made the crab had been a bit bigger say 8 times bigger than the sun the left over core would become a black hole not a neutron star. So next we are going to look for one of the most famous black holes called Cygnus X-1 it is one of the first sources which was widely accepted to be a black hole. It’s in the head of the Swan, Cygnus constellation and was discovered using X-ray observatories. Make sure they are looking in visible, i.e. what your eyes would see, so when we look at the sky in this visible survey image you can’t see any source here in the neck of the swan. Now we know that when material falls onto a black hole and moves at very high speeds, particles gain energy, and achieve the high energies required to produce X-ray radiation. Now when they turn on the X-ray survey of the whole sky taken by the ROSAT X-ray telescope you suddenly see a source appear, this is X-ray radiation released as a result of material spiralling in a disc around the black hole, We call this an accretion disk. The mass of the black hole in the system is 9times that of the sun.  Over three decades ago, Stephen Hawking placed -- and eventually lost - a bet against the existence of a black hole in Cygnus X-1. Today, astronomers are confident the Cygnus X-1 system contains a black hole. In fact, a team of scientists has combined data from radio, optical, and X-ray telescopes including Chandra to determine the black hole's spin, mass, and distance more precisely than ever before. With these key pieces of information, the history of the black hole has been reconstructed. This new information gives astronomers strong clues about how the black hole was born, how much it weighed, and how fast it was spinning. This is important because scientists still would like to know much more about the birth of black holes. Talk about your x-ray research and intermediate mass bhs. Now the black hole in Cygnus is one of the many small black holes within our galaxy, but there is a really massive one at the centre.

7.    Now we are flying around to look at our view of the galaxy we are in, the Milky Way. Our solar system is on one of the spiral arms of the Milky way and here you can the plane of the galaxy…Astronomers have looked at the centre of the galaxy and the stars which orbit that centre. Now the centre of the our galaxy is in the region of Sagittarius A*. From measuring the speed of 6 stars at the centre scientists have estimated the mass of the bh at the centre of our galaxy is 4 million times the mass of our sun. No other object can be so massive and in such a small volume of space. Now if we look at infra red survey of the sky we can see that the galaxy plane shows up a lot better. This is because infrared radiation is associated with heat (this is how police cameras work, picking up the heat of the criminals at night in order to locate them) Astronomers use the same principle here, now the material at the centre of the galaxy has more energy and therefore releases more heat energy. Infrared also allows us to see areas of star formation.

8.   NGC 4051 – talk about my thesis

9.   Now finally we are going to fly out to M87, which is galaxy, but it is called an elliptical galaxy as it is more rounded. The supermassive black holes size is estimated to be billion times the mass of the Sun, astronomers think elliptical galaxies might be formed by the mergers of 2 spiral galaxies. When we view this galaxy in optical light we just see a circular galaxy, however when we look in X-ray and infrared we see other features and jets coming from the centre. In fact the jets from this black hole actually extends out 5,000 light years

10.                 Hubble deep field – near ursa major (as is NGC 4051) One peek into a small part of the sky, one giant leap back in time...

Mankind's deepest, most detailed optical view of the universe — provided courtesy of NASA's Hubble Space Telescope — was unveiled today to eager scientists at the 187th meeting of the American Astronomical Society in San Antonio, Texas.The image, called the Hubble Deep Field (HDF), was assembled from 342 separate exposures taken with the Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) for ten consecutive days between December 18 and 28, 1995.

Representing a narrow "keyhole" view stretching to the visible horizon of the universe, the HDF image covers a speck of the sky only about the width of a dime located 75 feet away. Though the field is a very small sample of the heavens, it is considered representative of the typical distribution of galaxies in space because the universe, statistically, looks largely the same in all directions. Gazing into this small field, Hubble uncovered a bewildering assortment of at least 1,500 galaxies at various stages of evolution.

Most of the galaxies are so faint (nearly 30th magnitude or about four-billion times fainter than can be seen by the human eye) they have never before been seen by even the largest telescopes. Some fraction of the galaxies in this menagerie probably date back to nearly the beginning of the universe.

11. The End, any questions?

What is exciting about correlated X-ray and Radio radiation from Black Holes?

As part of my PhD studies we are asked to produce posters on a yearly basis to showcase our research to members of the physics department. Below is a poster aimed at students with at least an Undergraduate level of Physics studies behind them. I made this poster in 2010, and the question which is the title of poster was based on a question from a GCSE Astronomy student. The student asked me at the end of a talk on my research 'But why do you study the radio and X-ray from black holes, what is interesting about it?'...This question threw me at the time, but it did help me make this poster more accesible I think. It's those fundamental questions that people in research should ask themselves daily, as this can help you get through the day and remind you why you are doing all this research/banging your head against the wall in the first place!

JPG of my poster for .pdf version that you can zoom in on click link below

For the PDF version of the 'exciting' poster,aimed at Physics Undergraduate level please click here.

Below is a poster I prepared for the European Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) Meeting  also in 2010...This poster is on the same material as the poster above but at a slightly more advanced level and focuses mainly on the radio radiation from the supermassive black hole, and the VLBI imagery of the galaxy.

JPG of Poster for the EVN Conference in 2010, for the .pdf version that you can zoom into and read click below

For the PDF version of the EVN poster, aimed at Physics Undergraduate level and above please click here.

Below is one of Dan Plant's posters about Black holes. This poster was done for an MPhys project at Lancaster University. Dan is now studying for his PhD, also in black holes, here at the University of Southampton.

Observing the planets with the roof telescopes

Last night was the first time in my 8 years as an 'astronomer' where I actually felt like one. Despite having an MPhys in Astrophysics which included  a project on optical astronomy, doing a PhD in radio astronomy, and then becoming the 'Outreach Leader in Astronomy' I had only ever looked through an actual telescope ONCE (thanks to Huw James taking me out in a field that time) ! The nearest I have got to observing with an optical telescope is controlling the Faulkes Telescope from the comfort of an office at Cardiff University.


With this embarrassing confession in mind I was very excited to have the opportunity to join the students studying the 'Solar System' course here at the University, lead by Prof Phil Charles, on the roof of the Physics building. The plan was to observe as many planets as possible using the 2 Meade telescopes (which I have blogged about before Here) and 2 telescopes brought along by astrosoc. It was a fabulous night, and given all the rain this April and May, the conditions were awesome, not a cloud in the sky, and it wasn't that cold either.


During the evening I got to look at Mars (and it really was rather red, that's the rust you know!), Saturn (It's rings were really there!) and the Moon (those craters up close are lovely). When it got really dark I got to look at the open cluster called M44 (lots of nice blue stars shining brightly).

To see more photos click here.

Aliens in the Universe talk

Lancing College

I have given this talk on aliens in the Universe on many occasions. Some of the most memorable times was to Foxhills school who brought along approximately 90 primary school children to the university or at the INTECH stargazing evening. At Intech I gave the talk 3 times to families and members of the general public and each show sold out :). I recently gave this talk at Lancing College which is an amazing place, reminded me a lot of Hogwarts (see right).

Included within the talk about Aliens/Life in the Universe, the students are asked to become the planets in the solar system by holding the inflatable planets and getting in order. The students in the audience are then encouraged to decide if the planets are in the correct order if they should be changed. I then try to create some discussion over which planets in our solar system are most likely to harbour life . 

Contents of Talk

Questions from students

This talk always spurs loads of questions, so many that I often have to leave many questions unanswered.

Cosmology Planetarium Shows with ICG

Script for the A-level Cosmology show made in collaboration with Karen Masters at ICG.

Start outside dome

After safety briefing introduce yourself and your research. Introduce WAA and the Stellarium software/ apps. Introduce Cosmology ‘ trying understand the nature of the Universe as a whole’ Cosmologists seek to understand the origin, evolution, structure, and ultimate fate of the Universe at large, as well as the natural laws that keep it in order. I actually studied an individual supermassive black hole in a galaxy as part of my research, a cosmologist might also study supermassive black holes but they would think about them in terms of ‘the part they have played in Galaxy evolution in the universe as a whole’5 mins

In dome

Play WAA  25 mins Play ‘Zoom through telescope’ Movie 1 min 17sec

Go into Stellarium

Finding North

Starting with Big dipper, which is an asterism, part of the constellation ursa major, which means the Great Bear.  And Ursa Minor, which means small bear. The lowest too stars in the saucepan point to North Star.

It looks like a saucepan, with a handle and a place to put your beans, counting from the 2 stars at the end of the pan, count in a straight line about 5/6 steps (at a step distance of the gap between those 2 stars). There you will find Polaris aka the North star.  Many people think North Star is the brightest in the sky! It isn’t! it is only important because it is directly above the North Pole, and stays above the north pole as the earth spins on its axis causing all the other stars to spin around! Think about spinning top (from Christmas cracker) the top part, which you spin around with your fingers, doesn’t appear to move while the sides of the top are whizzing around. The middle of the top represents the North Pole with the North Star is right above it. Make sure they realise none of the stars actually move, and it’s us that are moving?

(speed up time L in Stellarium so they can see stars going around in arcs)
Mentioned Axis of Earth ( if time mention Southern Hemisphere doesn’t have a star above south pole :( They use Southern Cross and point to an area which is above/below the South Pole)

Constellations      Make sure can see both Cass and big dipper

Ask ‘what is a constellation? ‘     Explain these are 48 constellations in total.

Turn on constellation art press ‘r’ key

Patterns of stars in sky, imagine the ancient Greeks without TVs very bored so used to join the stars together like a dot to dot, Mention that the Saucepan/Big Dipper is an Asterism not constellation, as it is part of the great bear. Turn off constellation art  r

Circumpolar stars 

Explain that the constellations of Cassiopeia and Andromeda and Ursa Major etc are Circumpolar constellations and never set.

Cassiopeia

Cass looks like a W or an M for McDonalds, find her from the Big Dipper by drawing a line through North Star. Cass is a queen married to King Cepheus (he is in sky near by looks like a house drawn by a child). Andromeda is Cass’s daughter. Mention film ‘Clash of Titans’ and Greek Mythology but don’t talk about it any further.

Zoom to Andromeda

Locate Andromeda.. go along same line from Polaris, to Cass, and thru to Andromeda.. (Search Fn-F3 for M31, and zoom in using / in stellarium)

When in Andromeda constellation, say it is our nearest spiral galaxy Andromeda (in local group.) It is 2.6 million light-years (2.5×1019 km) away. And it is the most distant object you can see with the ‘naked eye’.

 Andromeda looks a lot like our own galaxy and you can imagine if you were flying in space outside our Milky Way it would like very similar to Andromeda.

Andromeda is actually has double the amount of stars that the MW has.

Dark matter in Andromeda 

 So I just mentioned that Andromeda has more stars than the Milky Way. But astronomers think that the Milky way is actually more massive, as it has more Dark Matter. Can anyone tell me what dark matter is?

Vera Rubin is a scientist from the USA who studied the variation of the velocities of the gas in between stars (interstellar medium) with distance from the center of the galaxy. She found that …

Black hole in Andromeda. 

Now it might shock you to know that our Solar System is orbiting in our galaxy around a Supermassive black hole

And there is also a supermassive black hole at the centre of Andromeda galaxy.

These supermassive BH were predicted by Einstein’s theory of general relativity. They exist at the centre of all galaxies, a million times that of sun. The BH in our MW is actually 4 million times mass of sun! Ask ‘how do you think astronomers know the mass? Cos they can’t just weigh it with a scales?’ Using Keplers Third Law which hopefully you have heard of this equation which relates the speed of stars which are orbiting the Mass, to the mass of the thing they are orbiting. This is exactly how we measure the mass of the Sun.

Astronomer measured high speeds of stars orbiting around an object known as Sagittarius A* which is at the centre of our galaxy the MW.

Can zoom / into Sagittarius A*/ search for Sagittarius using Fn-F3. Can’t see much there, turn off the constellations , c and search fnF3 for M25 this is a near by cluster of stars

Explain that at the centre of our galaxy astronomers measure the speeds and orbits of stars just like that’s how they know there is a supermassive black hole there!

Ending thought about black holes.

Most people think of black holes as monsters but Astronomers now think they play a large part in the early formation of galaxies. As we learn more about how galaxies were formed in early universe it seems that the BH at the centre plays a large part in forming galaxies, remember that the jet from the centre of the galaxy can reach into other galaxies, these jets of particles might start star formation to occur in galaxies where it might otherwise not have occurred. This means that without our blackholes the universe might of not formed galaxies. And without galaxies there wouldn’t be stars, without the stars, no solar systems of planets and with out planets, no humans, so black holes may not something to be afraid of.

The massive Jets from galaxies like M87 and 3c273 are so far reaching that they can actually reach into nearby galaxies.  Astronomers think that these jets can affect the surrounding galaxy giving the surrounding galaxies more energy. This might mean that idea that black holes are monsters is wrong; they actually might be responsible for the formation of galaxies like our own. And of course without the galaxy there is no solar system and without the solar system no place for us to live!

For example if our Sun turned into a black hole we wouldn’t all get sucked in, the Earth would actually orbit around quite happily. Obviously, without the energy from fusion humans would not exist though.

Gravity works for black holes just like it does for everything else. Black holes don’t suck – they just have very strong gravity, so it’s dangerous to get very close. But far from a black hole things orbit them normally.

Blueshift and redshift 

Ask if they have heard of red shift or doppler shift? Remind them that that it is to do with the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation. When an object is moving away from you (like most galaxies are moving away from us) the radiation or light we detect is shifted to longer wavelengths because of the motion of the object away from us means the light waves get stretched out, i.e. the energy of light measured by an astronomer is nearer the lower energy red end of the spectrum , hence the name ‘red shift’ – compare with the pitch of the ambulance siren as it goes past you with the wavelets bunching up in front of the ambulance when it is moving towards you, and spreading out behind. Sound wave compressed as it came toward you, and stretched as it went away. Same is seen in stars, and used to observed the motion of galaxies.

 Say that the light from Andromeda is actually blue shifted! Ask them what this means? So MW and Andromeda are actually moving toward each other in space at about 100km per sec which seems very fast and might scare you but this is actually equivalent to  400 lightyears every million years (and remember Andromeda is 2.6 million light years away) attracted to each other by gravitational forces due to their large masses, in 4.5 billion years they will collide making a much larger galaxy.

Out of Stellarium

Play ‘Redshift blueshift’ movie 12.27-12:37 10 secs

You can see the light is redder or stretched because the galaxy is moving away from us.

Galaxies come in different types. We’ve seen the Milky Way and Andromeda which are both spiral galaxies, but we think after they merge together they might form an elliptical galaxy which are the other kind.

Play ‘highresgalaxycollision’ movie 53secs

Lots of astronomers work to try to understand how the different kinds of galaxies formed and how they got the shapes they have.

Now hopefully some of you have heard of the Galaxy Zoo project. This is an site where members of the public, like yourselves can help the astronomers by classifying galaxies. You do this by going on the website and just looking at the shape of the galaxy to decide which type you think it is.

Our view of the universe has changed. 

It is only since the 1500’s that we have really started to understand the solar system and our universe.

Play ‘Solar system models.mov’ 1 min 05:15-06.09

Before telescopes were invented everyone believed the earth was the centre, we thought the sun, moon and planets orbited around it.

Then in 1543 Nicholas Copernicus proposed a different model with the Sun at the centre, it was a radical idea and he didn’t have any evidence to prove it. Nearly 65 years later, Hans Lippershey fixed 2 small pieces of glass into a tube and made an Eyeglass. Galileo saw these designs and made his own telescope and observed Jupiter, and noticed some points of light either side of Jupiter which appeared to move around it. He soon discovered these were moons orbiting around Jupiter, and this made people realize that the Earth wasn’t actually so important, since objects could clearly orbit around other planets like Jupiter. The telescope was then used to prove Copernicus’ new theory that the earth was not the center of the Universe. It was also used to learn more about our Galaxy

Play ‘Galaxies.mov’ 1 min 48  12.37-14.33

Our Galaxy and Other Galaxies

We have only known that we have lived in a galaxy for the last 100 years. Before the 20^th century thought the universe consisted of a flat disk of stars with the earth and the solar system at the centre.

Caroline Herschel made a map of this disk, but because telescopes did not have the resolving power of todays telescopes. They thought the other galaxies were part of this disk. An astronomer named Edwin Hubble observed Cephid Variables and was able to determine that these galaxies were extremely far away.

There was a massive public debate in 1920 between two astronomers about if “spiral nebula” were external, or in our own Galaxy. Harlow Shapley thought they were in our Galaxy because it was really huge. Heber Curtis thought our Galaxy was smaller and the others were all external. Turned out they were both right as the universe is much bigger than they could imagine. Our Galaxy is as big as Shapley thought it was and the others are all outside it!

An astronomer named Edwin Hubble observed Cephid Variables in the mid 1920s and was able to determine that these galaxies were extremely far away. He also used these measurements to show that the further galaxies get from us the faster they are moving away from us (using measurements of their redshift). This demonstrated that our Universe is not only vast, but also expanding!

Play ‘Fly through HST galaxies’ 1 min 20.48-21:33 

We now have such good telescopes (like the HST) that we can see galaxies that are so far away that the light from them has taken almost half of the age of the universe to reach us.

Light travels very fast – about 1 metre in 3ns, but it still takes 8 minutes to reach us from the Sun, 3 years from the nearest star, and millions or billions of years from the external galaxies.

These galaxies show an incredible variety of different types of galaxies even very early on in the Universe.

Sloan Digital Sky Survey Play Journey_3D_HD (on desktop) 1min 23sec

This visualization presents a 3-D view of the largest structures in the Universe via data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The SDSS is the most ambitious astronomical survey ever undertaken. It provides a 3-dimensional map of about a million galaxies and quasars. As the survey progresses, the data are released to the scientific community and the general public in annual increments.

We also have massive surveys of galaxies in the Universe. This movies shows 1 million galaxies which have been mapped by the Sloan Digital Sky survey.

We can’t see galaxies everywhere. These black areas are the modern equivalent of “here be dragons” anything there is hidden from our view by our own galaxy.

But the web like structure is real. This is showing how galaxies formed where there were clumps of dark matter in a filamentary web. We can understand things about cosmology from carefully mapping the shapes seen in this structure.

When we look at the most distance galaxies, we are looking further back into time. This is because the light from the most distant galaxies has taken such a long time to get to us. Therefore, the furthest point we want to look back to is the creation of the Universe, the time of the ‘Big Bang’.

Each marker here is actually real data , which is why there is a big gap in this data. It doesn’t mean there aren’t galaxies there; we just haven’t looked there yet.

Quasars are thought to be the first massive structures which formed in the beginning of the universe, half a billion years after big bang. In this data you can see a clustering of the galaxies in certain areas. Astronomers think the reasons why quasars seem to be surrounded by dense clusters of galaxies is because the jets from these early quasars actually played a part in fuelling the formation of galaxies.

The CMB represents the edge of observable universe. When I say observable universe what I mean is there are galaxies and quasars out beyond this boundary it is just that we cannot see them, remember this is real data taken by telescopes and they can only observed the light from galaxies out to a certain distance. Just like when you are in power cut with a candle and can only see things right in front of you.

CMB

End with CMB on sky from movie

Beyond the quasars we have the light from the Cosmic Microwave Background or CMB , this light marks the edge of observable universe. This is not really the edge of the Universe but it is the light from the very beginning of the universe 380,000 years after the Big Bang when electron and protons started to form into hydrogen atoms...and we can’t see the light from back any further than this

The CMB fills the universe almost uniformly. It may not look like it from this image of the CMB but Astronomers say that the CMB shows us that the Universe is Isotropic and Homogeneous Isotropric means the same in all directions, and Homogeneous means the universe will look the same from whatever position you stand in.

The CMB is at a temperature of 3 degrees above absolute zero(or 3K)

And has a wavelength between the mm-cm regime, which is comparable to radio and TV Wavelengths.

This means you can use your TV to detect radiation from the big bang, if you tune a TV between channels about 1% of the static is from the CMB.

These spots of different colour represent very small fluctuations in the density of the CMB and it is in these most dense regions where galaxies would have formed.

END

Take questions outside of dome for 5 mins….

First Planetarium show at INTECH

My first planetarium show at INTECHs massive planetarium in Winchester was a lot of fun, and also a little scary. I am used to doing shows for 30 students in a small blow up, travelling, planetarium but a show for over a 100 people wearing a microphone is another thing.

The planetarium show was written in collaboration with the planetarium manager Jenny Shipway to compliment Dr Phil Uttley's talk on Black Holes. During 18-22nd July 2011 many astronomers descended on Winchester for the Black Holes Astrophysics:Tales of power and destruction conference.

The script I wrote for the Black Hole planetarium show is below:

1. Hello my name is Sadie Jones and I am just finishing my postgraduate studies at the University of Southampton at the moment, my research is on a specific super massive black hole at the centre of a spiral galaxy much like our own milky way, but this galaxy has an active centre, which features jets. Jenny and I are going to give you a 30minute planetarium show, which should introduce you to the locations of some of the black holes within our universe.

      2. I will start by teaching you how to find the North Star. Here is the plough or the big dipper, I think it looks more like a saucepan, which is a small grouping of stars within a larger grouping of stars called a constellation. The constellation which the saucepan is in is called Ursa Major which means Great Bear, using the 2 stars at the end of the saucepan and taking the space between them as a ruler, count about 5 steps in the direction of the ruler and here you will find Polaris, the north star. This star is interesting because it just happens to be above the north pole so as the earth is spinning us around it appears as all the other stars circle around the North star yet it stays in the same position. Have you ever noticed that the stars rises in the east and sets in the west as the night goes on ? Of course the sun does this too.

      3. However, there are some stars that do not set and can be seen any time of the year above England provided there are clear skies. The great bear group of stars is an example of a group of stars which never set and this is where my favourite black hole is. It is called we called NGC4051 and lives at the centre of a galaxy Phil and I have done a lot of research on this galaxy, this is in the rump of the Great Bear, and we will talk more about this active galaxy later.

4.     Before I point out any other black holes in the night sky I am going to ask Jenny to move us around from our current position facing North, to another group of stars in the South. These grouping of stars are called the summer triangle, this is because they unlike the great bear constellation they do set, which means they can only be seen in the autumn and summer.

5.     Summer triangle, this asterism joins three of the brightest stars which can be seen in the summer, with one in constellation of Cygnus, and the others in Lyra and Aquila. One of the black holes I will talk to you about shortly , actually exists within our own galaxy the Milky Way and its location as seen from our place on earth is here, in the centre of the body of the swan group of stars , called Cygnus.

6.     Next we are going to Virgo. There are two black holes in this constellation which I will tell you about, and one is in the bowl of Virgo . Here there is a massive cluster of galaxies.

7.     Hopefully from listening to Phil’s talk you will remember that there is actually a black hole at the centre of our galaxy the Milky Way and the location of the centre of our galaxy is in the grouping of stars called Sagittarius. We know there is a super massive black hole there because as you might remember from Phil’s talk, astronomers have tracked the paths of stars moving around a very heavy object. From estimating the speeds of these stars around the object they can estimate how heavy it is. The faster the star is moving stronger the force needed to keep it in place, which means the weight of the object being orbited will be heavier. From measuring the speeds of 6 stars around this invisible heavy object astronomers estimate the weight of the black hole to be about 4 million times as heavy as our sun. And our sun is equivalent to a trillion trillion 2000kg elephants.

The orbits of 6 stars around the black hole at the centre of the milky way

8. Now the Milky Way, the galaxy we are in can be seen earth as plane of dust across the night sky. Because Sagittarius A* is at the centre of our Milky way it makes sense that its location is within the dust and gas of the milky way as we see it as a strip across the sky.

The distance from the centre of the super massive black hole at the centre of the milky way out to its edge is about the same size as the distance from the sun to the orbit of Uranus, now this might not seem very small. But the only object we know which can be so massive, 4 million times as heavy as our sun, in such a small area is a black hole.

9.     Sun So now I’ve told you the locations of the black holes we are going to visit I am going to ask Jenny to fly us out wards from a place on Earth into our solar system. First we see our nearest star which of course is the sun, and we can see the orbits of all the planets out to Neptune.

So what do you think would happen if I was to replace the sun with a BH the same size as the sun??(Phil discussed this in his talk by imagining the Earth becoming a BH?? Yes! you are right! As long as the planets don’t get within a certain distance of the sun ( which is called the event horizon and for the sun is 3km ) They will still orbit just the same as they do when the sun is there,  they will not get sucked into the black hole. Because this bh has the same mass as the sun it means the planets orbiting it will behave exactly the same. Beyond the 3km event horizon all the laws of physics breaks down.  From phils talk you have learned small black holes do exist. When I say small black holes, they are only small in comparison with the super massive black holes at the centre of galaxies! These small black holes are usually about 10 times as heavy as our sun, these actually exist within our galaxy and survive by sucking material off nearby stars, we say they are in binary systems because there are two objects, the star and the black hole. Now we are going to fly to one of the most famous binary black holes which is called Cygnus X-1 and like I mentioned earlier this is in the grouping of stars which looks like a swan as seen from earth.

10. Cygnus-X1   was the first source discovered using X-ray telescopes which was widely accepted to be a black hole and it remains one of the most studied objects by astronomers . It is now estimated to have a mass about 9 times the mass of the Sun and has been shown to be too be to dense to be any known object other than  a black hole. The radius of its event horizon is probably about 26 km. It’s known as a High Mass X-ray Binary system by astronomers. It was once two stars but the one star which was probably more than 10 times heavier than the other star could no longer carry out the process of fusion in its core so it would have swollen up into a red supergiant and then died in a supernova explosion, these explosion occur at the end of the life of star and if the star is big enough will leave a dense core which will either become a neutron star or a black hole!  As you can see the one star which is called a blue supergiant is orbiting this black hole. When material falls onto the black hole it releases large amounts of energy as jets which we can detect with our X-rays observatories in space.  There are many of these binary black hole systems in our Milky way and It is interesting that the combined mass in these black hole binary systems may actually add up to more than the super massive BH at the centre of our Milky Way galaxy, however, it is difficult to be sure of this since we can only see the black holes which are actively eating stuff.

11. Fly out to Milky Way, as we Fly out of our galaxy, you can see that the red lines which link the groupings of stars are not all at the same distances, they are just in the same region of sky as viewed from earth. The Sun is just one of 100 billion stars in our galaxy and this galaxy is just one of 100 billion galaxies in our universe, and our sun is orbiting around the centre of the Milky Way. It takes us 230 million years to orbit the centre of the galaxy once, and you can see the orbit of our sun around the centre of the MW is very circular. As I explained earlier the milky way has a super massive black hole at the centre of it , but we are not getting sucked down it as you might imagine, you can see from the orbit of the sun around the BH that we are just merrily orbiting around the centre, just as the earth merrily orbits around the sun.

M87 in the X-ray, radio and optical

12. M87 Now we are going to fly out into the universe from our galaxy to look at another galaxy, this is called M87- and is one of the galaxies in a large cluster of galaxies in the constellation of Virgo which I pointed out earlier, this cluster of galaxies is called the Virgo Cluster and you can see the galaxy is within this large bubble which marks the high density clustering of galaxies in this area. This is also a galaxy with a SMBH at centre but it is not a quiet BH like the BH in the Milky Way, it is very active and it has massive jets which are very powerful. You may think it looks more like a star than a galaxy, but it is a galaxy, it just has a  different shape to our milky way which is spiral galaxy, this galaxy is called an elliptical galaxy since it is a lot more rounded the stars are not in a disk like MW, but a sphere . It has jets like Cygnus X-1 but these are a lot more powerful and result from the black hole eating a lot more fuel. You can actually see this jet using optical telescopes, our eyes detect optical light so this means if you were flying about in the universe your eyes which also detect optical could see this massive jet. This means that the Particles released by the jets from black holes are actually going into your eye, so your eye in a way is interacting with a black hole. The jet from the black hole in this elliptical galaxy actually extends out 5,000 light years which is about the same as the typical distance between galaxies.

The beautiful and lovely bain of my life, NGC 4051

13. NGC 4051 –So now we are going to fly from the M87 in the virgo cluster to mine and phil’s favourite black hole. As we fly out ever dot in the planetarium is no longer a star but a  galaxy . This black hole called NGC 4051 is also at the centre of a galaxy,  its actually within a spiral galaxy much like our own. It looks like our milky way and is about the same size as the milky way, but this one is important, because even though it looks alot like our own MW, it is actually eating alot more fuel which means the centre of the galaxy is very bright. Astronomers call these galaxies active galaxies and some active galaxies have jets which are launched from the black hole at the centre. Phil and I have done a lot of research on this galaxy looking at both the material falling into the BH and the particles emitted by the jets of the radiation which astronomers believe are launched from close to the BH. My research has been into understanding why this galaxy has jets and the relationship between the jets and the material falling into the black hole. The jets in NGC4051 are not nearly as powerful or as far reaching as the jet from M87 I showed you earlier. Astronomers still don’t really understand why some black holes have jets of particles coming out of them, and a lot of work at the Uni of Soton is on trying to understand these jets…Just to remind you if you are looking from earth this active galaxy called NGC 4051  was in the grouping of stars called the great bear.

14. So far I have talked about spiral galaxies and elliptical galaxies both which have super massive black holes at the centre of them, and I have also shown you an example of  the smaller binary black holes exist within our own galaxy.

15. 3c273 – Now I will ask Jenny to Fly out to Quasars. Quasars are the most powerful type of black hole and they are the first large structures which formed at the beginning of the universe. Each marker here is actually real data , which is why there is a big gap in this data. It doesn’t mean there aren’t galaxies there; we just haven’t looked there yet. Now 3c273 is actually the first discovered quasar, the reason it was discovered first is because one of the two powerful jets launched from the black hole is beamed directly toward Earth !! This makes the quasar very bright and easily detectable by X-ray observatories in space.  3c273 is 187 million times the mass of the sun and is one of the most distant objects which can be seen with your telescope.

16. These Quasars are thought to be the first massive structures which formed in the beginning of the universe, half a billion years after big bang. In this data you can see a clustering of the galaxies in certain areas. Astronomers think the reasons why quasars seem to be surrounded by dense clusters of galaxies is because the jets from these early quasars actually played a part in fuelling the formation of galaxies. The massive Jets from galaxies like M87 and 3c273 are so far reaching that they can actually reach into nearby galaxies.  Astronomers think that these jets can affect the surrounding galaxy giving the surrounding galaxies more energy. This might mean that idea that black holes are monsters is wrong; they actually might be responsible for the formation of galaxies like our own. And of course without the galaxy there is no solar system and without the solar system no place for us to live!

17. (When out at 1.3Gpc distance) the light left these galaxies about 5 billion years ago when the earth was formed. Now we are going to fly out even further to the quasars at the edge of observable universe. When I say observable universe what I mean is there are galaxies  and quasars out beyond this boundary it is just that we cannot see them, remember this is real data taken by telescopes and they can only observed the light from galaxies out to a certain distance. Just like when you are in power cut with a candle and can only see things right in front of you.

The CMB !

18. Beyond the quasars we have the light from the Cosmic Microwave Background, this light marks the edge of observable universe. This is not really the edge of the Universe but it is the light from the very beginning of the universe 380,000 years after the Big Bang when electron and protons started to form into hydrogen atoms...and we can’t see the light from back any further than this.

19. Ok now we are going to Fly back home to our Earth. Back through the quasars, and the galaxies, into the milky way and our own solar system and now here . Home sweet Home.

20. Hope you enjoyed this introduction to the black holes in our Universe. Thank you very much for listening...